The Causes, Consequences, and Solutions of Hindi Danga Fasad: A Comprehensive Guide
Hindi Danga Fasad: What is it and why does it happen?
Hindi Danga Fasad is a term that refers to communal riots or violence in India between different religious groups, especially Hindus and Muslims. Communal violence is not a new phenomenon in India; it has a long history that dates back to the pre-independence era. Some of the most notorious examples of hindi Danga Fasad are the Moplah Rebellion (1921), the Great Calcutta Killings (1946), the Partition Riots (1947), the Gujarat Riots (1969), the Anti-Sikh Riots (1984), the Babri Masjid Demolition (1992), the Bombay Riots (1992-93), the Gujarat Riots (2002), the Muzaffarnagar Riots (2013), and the Delhi Riots (2020).
hindi Danga Fasad
But what causes hindi Danga Fasad? And what are its impacts and solutions? These are the questions that this article will try to answer. The main purpose of this article is to provide an unbiased and informative overview of the history, impact, and solutions of communal violence in India. This article is not intended to offend or hurt anyone's sentiments, but rather to educate and enlighten the readers about a complex and sensitive topic.
The history of hindi Danga Fasad
Pre-independence era
Communal violence in India has its roots in the colonial period, when the British rulers adopted a policy of divide and rule to weaken the nationalist movement and maintain their control over India. The British encouraged communalism, or the loyalty to one's religious community over one's nation, by creating separate electorates, communal awards, and communal organizations for different religious groups. They also exploited the existing differences and grievances among Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, and other communities by playing them against each other.
Another factor that contributed to communal violence in India before 1947 was the rise of religious movements and ideologies that sought to assert their identity and interests in the face of colonial oppression and modernization. Some of these movements were reformist, such as the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya Samaj, the Aligarh Movement, and the Deobandi Movement. Some were revivalist, such as the Hindu Mahasabha, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and the Muslim League. Some were separatist, such as the Khilafat Movement, the Akali Movement, and the Khalistan Movement. These movements often clashed with each other over issues such as cow protection, temple-mosque disputes, religious conversions, personal laws, language rights, and cultural symbols.
As a result of these factors, communal violence became a frequent and widespread phenomenon in India before 1947. Some of the major incidents of hindi Danga Fasad in this period were: - The Moplah Rebellion (1921): A violent uprising of Muslim peasants against Hindu landlords and British authorities in Malabar, Kerala. It resulted in thousands of deaths, rapes, conversions, and displacements of Hindus. - The Great Calcutta Killings (1946): A series of riots between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta, West Bengal, triggered by the Muslim League's call for Direct Action Day to demand a separate Pakistan. It resulted in more than 10,000 deaths and injuries. - The Noakhali Riots (1946): A series of massacres, rapes, abductions, and forced conversions of Hindus by Muslims in Noakhali district, East Bengal (now Bangladesh). It resulted in more than 5,000 deaths and displacements of Hindus.
Partition and its aftermath
The most tragic and traumatic episode of communal violence in India was the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. The partition was based on the two-nation theory proposed by the Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who argued that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations that could not coexist peacefully in a united India. The British government agreed to divide India into two dominions: India for Hindus and other minorities, and Pakistan for Muslims.
The partition was accompanied by unprecedented violence, bloodshed, and chaos. Millions of people were forced to migrate across the new borders based on their religion. Thousands of trains, buses, cars, carts, and foot caravans carrying refugees were attacked by mobs of rival communities. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed, injured, raped, abducted, looted, or burned alive. Millions of people were left homeless, hungry, sick, or traumatized. The partition riots are considered one of the worst cases of ethnic cleansing in human history.
The partition also created several unresolved issues that continue to fuel communal violence in India and Pakistan. Some of these issues are: - The Kashmir dispute: The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had a Muslim majority population but a Hindu ruler who decided to accede to India after an invasion by Pakistani-backed tribal raiders. This led to a war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-48. Since then, Kashmir has been divided into two parts: Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistani-administered Kashmir. Both countries claim the entire territory as their own and have fought three more wars over it in 1965, 1971, and 1999. The Kashmir conflict has also sparked several militant movements, such as the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizbul Mujahideen, and the Lashkar-e-Taiba, that have carried out attacks on Indian security forces and civilians, as well as on Hindu and Sikh minorities. The Kashmir conflict has also been a source of tension and violence between Hindu and Muslim communities in other parts of India, such as Jammu, Gujarat, and Delhi. - The Ayodhya dispute: The Ayodhya dispute is a long-standing controversy over a piece of land in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, that is claimed by both Hindus and Muslims. Hindus believe that the land is the birthplace of Lord Ram, and that a temple dedicated to him stood there until it was demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1528 and replaced by a mosque called Babri Masjid. Muslims contend that the mosque was built on vacant land and that there is no evidence of a temple ever existing there. The dispute has led to several legal battles, political campaigns, and violent clashes over the years. The most infamous incident was the demolition of the Babri Masjid by Hindu activists on 6 December 1992, which sparked nationwide riots that killed more than 2,000 people. In November 2019, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the disputed land should be given to Hindus for the construction of a Ram temple, while Muslims should be allotted an alternative site for a mosque.
Post-independence era
Communal violence in India did not end with the partition. In fact, it became more frequent and intense in the post-independence era, as various political, social, economic, and cultural factors contributed to its occurrence and escalation. Some of these factors are: - Political parties: Many political parties in India have used communalism as a tool to mobilize votes and gain power. They have often exploited communal sentiments and issues to create divisions and polarizations among different communities. They have also indulged in hate speech, communal propaganda, and incitement to violence. Some examples of political parties that have been accused of fomenting communal violence are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Shiv Sena, the Congress Party, the Muslim League, and the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM). - Socio-economic issues: Many socio-economic issues such as poverty, unemployment, inequality, corruption, illiteracy, and lack of development have also contributed to communal violence in India. These issues have created resentment, frustration, and insecurity among different sections of society. They have also made them vulnerable to manipulation by communal forces that offer them false promises or scapegoats. Some examples of socio-economic issues that have triggered communal violence are reservation policies, land disputes, cow protection laws, and economic boycotts. - Media: The media has also played a role in influencing communal violence in India. The media has often sensationalized or distorted communal incidents to attract viewership or readership. It has also sometimes spread rumors, misinformation, or fake news that have incited or inflamed communal passions. It has also failed to report or highlight positive stories of communal harmony or peace initiatives. Some examples of media outlets that have been criticized for their role in communal violence are Zee News, Times Now, Republic TV, Sudarshan News, and The Wire. - Law enforcement and judiciary: The law enforcement and judiciary have also been responsible for either preventing or aggravating communal violence in India. On one hand, they have sometimes acted swiftly and impartially to maintain law and order, protect lives and property, arrest and prosecute offenders, and provide relief and rehabilitation to victims. On the other hand, they have sometimes acted slowly or biasedly to ignore or suppress warnings, user](#message) Continue writing the article. collude or connive with perpetrators, and deny or delay justice to victims. Some examples of law enforcement and judiciary that have been blamed for their role in communal violence are the Delhi Police, the Gujarat Police, the Special Investigation Team (SIT), and the Allahabad High Court. These factors have resulted in several incidents of hindi Danga Fasad in the post-independence era. Some of the major incidents are: - The Gujarat Riots (1969): A series of riots between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat, sparked by a dispute over a Hindu religious procession passing through a Muslim-dominated area. It resulted in more than 600 deaths and 50,000 displacements. - The Anti-Sikh Riots (1984): A series of pogroms against Sikhs in Delhi and other parts of India, following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. It resulted in more than 3,000 deaths and 20,000 injuries. - The Babri Masjid Demolition (1992): The destruction of a 16th-century mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, by Hindu activists who claimed that it was built on the site of a Ram temple. It resulted in nationwide riots that killed more than 2,000 people. - The Bombay Riots (1992-93): A series of riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra, triggered by the Babri Masjid Demolition and the subsequent bomb blasts by Muslim underworld dons. It resulted in more than 900 deaths and 2,000 injuries. - The Gujarat Riots (2002): A series of riots between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat, triggered by the burning of a train carrying Hindu pilgrims by a Muslim mob in Godhra. It resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and 200,000 displacements. - The Muzaffarnagar Riots (2013): A series of riots between Hindus and Muslims in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, sparked by a case of alleged harassment of a Hindu girl by a Muslim boy. It resulted in more than 60 deaths and 50,000 displacements. - The Delhi Riots (2020): A series of riots between Hindus and Muslims in Delhi, sparked by protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) that grants citizenship to non-Muslim refugees from neighboring countries. It resulted in more than 50 deaths and 200 injuries.
The impact of hindi Danga Fasad
Human rights violations
One of the most obvious and devastating impacts of hindi Danga Fasad is the violation of human rights for both victims and perpetrators. Communal violence has resulted in countless deaths, injuries, rapes, arson, looting, displacement, and other forms of abuse and torture for people belonging to different religious communities. These violations have not only caused physical and material harm, but also psychological and emotional trauma. Many people have suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, guilt, anger, grief, and fear as a result of communal violence. Some people have also developed hatred, user](#message) Continue writing the article. [assistant](#message) bigotry, and revenge as a result of communal violence. Communal violence has also violated the human rights of the perpetrators, who are often driven by mob mentality, provocation, or indoctrination to commit heinous acts against their fellow human beings. These perpetrators have not only harmed others, but also themselves, as they have lost their moral compass, their dignity, and their humanity. They have also faced legal consequences, such as arrest, trial, imprisonment, or death penalty, for their crimes.
Social polarization
Another impact of hindi Danga Fasad is the social polarization among different communities in India. Communal violence has created mistrust, hatred, fear, and segregation among Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, and other religious groups. These groups have often isolated themselves from each other, avoiding social interaction, communication, or cooperation. They have also developed stereotypes, prejudices, and biases against each other, based on misinformation or generalization. They have also competed or conflicted with each other over resources, rights, or privileges. Social polarization has also affected the identity and culture of different communities in India. Communal violence has made them more conscious and defensive of their religious identity and culture. They have often tried to assert or protect their identity and culture by emphasizing their differences or superiority over others. They have also resisted or rejected any influence or integration from other cultures. They have also sometimes imposed or enforced their identity or culture on others by coercion or violence.
Economic losses
A third impact of hindi Danga Fasad is the economic losses for India as a whole and for different communities individually. Communal violence has affected the economy of India in various ways such as GDP growth, investment, trade, tourism, infrastructure, and livelihoods. According to various sources, the economic cost of violence in India was estimated to be $646 billion in 2020, equivalent to 6% of its GDP. Communal violence also affects the economy of different communities individually, as they lose their assets, income, employment, education, and opportunities. Communal violence also disrupts the normal functioning of markets, businesses, industries, and services that depend on inter-community cooperation and exchange.
The solutions to hindi Danga Fasad
Legal measures
One of the possible solutions to hindi Danga Fasad is the legal measures that aim to prevent and punish communal violence and protect the rights of the affected people. The legal measures include the Indian Constitution, laws, courts, commissions, and police. The Indian Constitution guarantees the fundamental rights of all citizens, regardless of their religion, caste, creed, or gender. It also provides for secularism, democracy, federalism, and rule of law as the basic features of the Indian polity. The Constitution also empowers the Parliament and the state legislatures to make laws on matters related to public order, security, and welfare.
Some of the laws that have been enacted to deal with communal violence are: - The Indian Penal Code (IPC): It defines and prescribes punishments for various offences related to communal violence, such as murder, rioting, arson, mischief, promoting enmity between groups, outraging religious feelings, etc. - The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC): It lays down the procedures for investigation, arrest, trial, bail, appeal, and compensation in cases of communal violence. - The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): It empowers the central government to ban any organization that is involved in unlawful activities or acts of terrorism that threaten the sovereignty and integrity of India. - The National Security Act (NSA): It allows the central or state government to detain any person for up to 12 months without trial if they are suspected of being a threat to national security or public order. - The Communal Violence (Prevention) Bill: It is a proposed legislation that aims to prevent and control communal violence, user](#message) Continue writing the article. [assistant](#message) provide relief and rehabilitation to victims, and hold accountable the perpetrators and public officials who fail to perform their duties. The bill has been pending in Parliament since 2005 due to various controversies and objections.
Some of the courts and commissions that have been involved in dealing with communal violence are: - The Supreme Court of India: It is the highest judicial authority in India that has the power to uphold the Constitution, protect fundamental rights, and issue writs and orders in cases of communal violence. Some of the landmark judgments of the Supreme Court on communal violence are: - S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994): It laid down the guidelines for imposing President's rule in states where communal violence threatens constitutional breakdown. - Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh (2011): It banned the use of civilian militias such as Salwa Judum to counter Maoist insurgency in Chhattisgarh. - Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006): It directed the central and state governments to implement police reforms to ensure their autonomy, accountability, and professionalism. - Common Cause v. Union of India (2018): It recognized the right to die with dignity and allowed passive euthanasia and living wills for terminally ill patients. - The High Courts: They are the highest judicial authorities in each state that have the power to hear appeals from lower courts and issue writs and orders in cases of communal violence. Some of the notable judgments of the High Courts on communal violence are: - Ramesh Prabhoo v. Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte (1995): It disqualified a Shiv Sena candidate from contesting elections for making hate speech against Muslims during his campaign. - Zahira Habibulla Sheikh v. State of Gujarat (2004): It transferred the Best Bakery case from Gujarat to Maharashtra after finding that witnesses were intimidated and evidence was tampered with by the Gujarat government. - People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (2013): It ordered a CBI probe into the Ishrat Jahan encounter case where four alleged terrorists were killed by Gujarat police in a staged encounter. - The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): It is a statutory body that was established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act. Its mandate is to protect and promote human rights in India, including those affected by communal violence. It can inquire into complaints, conduct investigations, recommend actions, and monitor compliance by the government. Some of the cases where NHRC has intervened in cases of communal violence are: - The Gujarat Riots (2002): It issued notices to the Gujarat government and the central government, seeking reports on the situation and the steps taken to prevent and control the violence. It also sent a team of its members and staff to Gujarat to assess the ground reality and recommend measures for relief and rehabilitation of the victims. It also monitored the progress of the cases registered and tried in connection with the riots. - The Muzaffarnagar Riots (2013): It issued notices to the Uttar Pradesh government and the central government, seeking reports on the situation and the steps taken to prevent and control the violence. It also sent a team of its members and staff to Muzaffarnagar to assess the ground reality and recommend measures for relief and rehabilitation of the victims. It also monitored the progress of the cases registered and tried in connection with the riots. - The Delhi Riots (2020): It issued notices to the Delhi government, the Delhi Police, and t